Genital Warts
Genital warts
Genital warts are soft,
wart-like growths on the genitals caused by a virus. Genital warts are a type of sexually transmitted infection (STI).
Causes
The virus responsible for genital warts is
called human papilloma virus (HPV). More than 70 different types of HPV exist. Several types cause genital warts.
Genital warts may be found on the penis, vulva, urethra, vagina, cervix, larynx,
and around and in the anus.
Other types of HPV are associated
with common or flat warts found on other parts of the skin, such as the hands. However, people will not get genital warts
from contact with warts on the hands or other parts of the body.
HPV
infection around the genitals is common, although most people have no symptoms. Even if you do NOT have symptoms, however,
you must be treated to prevent complications and spreading the condition to others.
In women, HPV can invade the walls of the vagina and cervix. These warts are flat and not easy to see without special
procedures.
Certain types of HPV can lead to precancerous changes
in the cervix, cervical cancer, or anal cancer. These are called high-risk types of HPV.
The following are important facts about how HPV and genital warts can be spread:
HPV infection is passed from one person to another through sexual contact involving the anal,
oral, or vaginal skin or mucus membrane. It is possible for genital warts and HPV to be spread, even when no warts are visible.
You may not see warts for at least 6 weeks to 6 months after becoming infected with HPV. It may also take longer,
even years. Because of this, when you first notice genital warts, it does not mean that you or your partner has had sexual
contact with someone outside of your relationship.
Not everyone who has been exposed to the HPV
virus and genital warts wil develop them.
The following factors put you at higher risk for getting
genital warts, having them spread more quickly, having them return, or having other complications of HPV:
Having multiple sexual partners
Not knowing whether
someone you had sex with had STIs
Becoming sexually active at an early age
Using tobacco and alcohol
Having stress and other viral infections (such as herpes) at
the same time
Being pregnant
Having an immune system that does not
work well, such as during cancer treatment or AIDS
If a child has genital warts, you should suspect
sexual abuse as a possible cause.
Symptoms
Genital warts can be raised or flat, and are usually flesh-colored. They may appear as cauliflower-like growths.
Sometimes they are so small and flat that they cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Common places to find genital warts:
Females most
often have warts inside or around the vagina or anus, on the skin around these areas, or on the cervix.
Males most often have warts on the penis, scrotum, groin area, or thighs, as well as inside or around the anus in
those who have anal intercourse.
Both males and females may have warts on the lips, mouth, tongue,
palate, or throat (larynx)
Other symptoms are rare, but may include:
Increased dampness or moisture in the area of the growths
Increased
vaginal discharge
Itching of the penis, scrotum, anal area, or vulva
Vaginal
bleeding, with or after sexual intercourse
However, many people with HPV infection often have
no symptoms.
Exams and Tests
A
genital examination reveals flesh-colored to white, flat or raised, single or clustered lesions anywhere on the genitalia.
In women, a pelvic examination may reveal growths on the vaginal walls or cervix.
Magnification (colposcopy) may be used to see lesions that are invisible to the naked eye. The tissue of the vagina and cervix
may be treated with acetic acid (dilute vinegar) to make the warts visible.
A Pap smear may note changes caused by HPV. Women with these types of changes often need more frequent Pap smears
for a period of time.
An HPV DNA test can identify the high-risk
types of HPV that are known to cause cervical cancer. It may be done as a screening test for women over age 30, or for women
of any age who have a slightly abnormal Pap test result.
Treatment
Genital warts must be treated by a doctor. Do NOT use over-the-counter remedies meant for other kinds of warts.
Your doctor may treat genital warts by applying a skin treatment in the office.
Or, the doctor may prescribe a medication that you apply at home several times per week. These treatments include:
Imiquimod (Aldara)
Podophyllin and podofilox (Condylox)
Trichloroacetic acid (TCA)
Surgical treatments include:
Cryosurgery
Electrocauterization
Laser
therapy
Surgical excision (cutting them out)
If you develop genital
warts, all of your sexual partners must be examined by a health care provider and treated if genital warts are found.
After your first treatment, your doctor will schedule follow-up examinations to
see if the warts have returned.
Women who have had genital
warts, and women whose partners have ever had genital warts, should have Pap smears at least once a year. For warts on the
cervix, women may be advised to have Pap smears every 3 to 6 months after initial treatment.
Women with precancerous changes caused by HPV infection may need further treatment.
Young women and girls ages 9 - 26 shoul be vaccinated against HPV.
Outlook (Prognosis)
Most sexually active young women
become infected with HPV, but very few remain infected for more than 5 years. In many cases, HPV goes away on its own.
Most men who become infected with HPV never develop any symptoms or problems from
the infection. However, they can pass it on to current and sometimes future sexual partners.
Even after you have been treated for genital warts, you may still infect others.
Certain types of genital warts increase a woman's risk for cancer of the cervix
and vulva.
Possible Complications
Some
types of HPV have been found to cause cancer of the cervix and vulva. They are the main cause of cervical cancer.
The types of HPV that can cause genital warts are not the same as the types that
can cause penile or anal cancer.
The warts may become numerous
and quite large, requiring more extensive treatment and follow-up procedures.
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your doctor if a current or past sexual partner
is found to have genital warts. Call if you have visible warts on your external genitals, itching, discharge, or abnormal
vaginal bleeding. Keep in mind that genital warts may not appear for months to years after having sexual contact with an infected
person.
Call your doctor if a young child is thought to possibly
have genital warts.
Women should begin to have Pap smears at
age 21.
Prevention
Total abstinence
is the only foolproof way of avoiding genital warts and other STIs. You can also avoid STIs by having a sexual relationship
with only one partner who is known to be disease-free.
Skin
near the warts and around the genitals, anus, and other areas can pass the virus from one person to the next. Therefore, male
and female condoms cannot fully protect you. Nonetheless, condoms reduce risk and should still be used. They reduce your chances
of getting or spreading STIs. These precautions must be taken at all times. HPV can be passed from person to person even when
there are no visible warts or other symptoms.
